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A hose coupling is a connector on the end of a hose to connect (or couple) it with another hose or with a tap or a hose appliance, such as an irrigation sprinkler. It is usually made of steel, brass, stainless steel, aluminium or plastic. Types Air King The "Air King"[1] universal air hose coupling (also known as a "Chicago style" fitting) is malleable iron or brass "quarter turn" "sexless coupling" usually found on large pneumatic tools like jackhammers.[2] The fitting is considered "universal", because a common two-lug head is used on all sizes ranging from 0.25 inch through 1 inch. express Express coupling Barcelona Spanish fire hose coupling This coupling is used by Spanish firefighters. It is a sexless coupling with three engaging lugs. Cam and groove A cam and groove is a quick connect fluid transfer hose coupling that consists of a male "adapter" and female "coupler". The adapter has a groove on the outside that is engaged by the "cam arms" on the outside of the coupler to effect a seal against the gasket inside the "coupler". They are commonly used for petroleum or chemical applications. Expansion ring An expansion ring fire hose coupling is commonly used on lay-flat fire hose.[3] It has the advantage of providing no flow restriction, as the expansion ring is expanded to match the inner diameter of the hose. It is installed with special machinery using a drawbar expander. In the United States, it is most commonly supplied with NST (NH) threads. Express coupling This is kind of symmetrical half coupling for water and air use. The most popular standard is NF E 29-573. Operation of this kind of coupling is pushed two couplings and rotate close into a seal form. It is popular in France area and European market with brass and stainless steel. Garden hose thread See Garden hose thread. See also Hozelock plastic click-on connectors. Gost A sexless coupling used on fire hoses in Russia. Ground joint A "boss" ground joint coupling valve hose coupling, primarily used for compressed air or steam. It consists of a stem, wing nut and spud. It seals as a soft copper seat located in the spud is drawn against the stem by tightening the wing nut. Guillemin symmetrical clutch guillemin Brass Guillemin coupling The Guillemin symmetrical clutch, also called Guillemin coupling, is widely used in France and in Belgium to couple hoses and resembles a DSP coupling, which is used in firefighting. It can be fastened by hand, but it is also possible to use a tricoise wrench. It has quarter-turn closing and is sexless (symmetrical). It may be fabricated from aluminum, stainless steel, brass or polypropylene. The standard for this kind of coupling is EN14420-8/NF E 29-572, and there is a kind of special standard DIN14420-8 for unique assemblies with ferrule and safety clamp. Holedall Mulconroy Mulconroy/Holedall swaged hose coupling is commonly found on larger diameter hoses used in higher pressure applications or where the hose is exposed to higher end pull, e.g., Oil Suction & Discharge (OS&D) hose).[2] They are installed with special hydraulic ram machinery and special dies. Holedall IX Holedall IX internally expanded (internally swaged) hose coupling is used in higher pressure applications, or where the hose is exposed to higher end pull, or where a full flow is required.[2] They are installed with special hydraulic drawbar machinery, using special pull plugs. Scovill/Rostra Holedall (Scovill/Rostra) internally expanded hose coupling is used primarily on fuel oil hose applications, where a full flow is required.[2] They are installed with special hydraulic drawbar machinery, using special pull plugs. Hozelock Around 1955 Hozelock Ltd in the United Kingdom invented and patented the international standard plastic, click-on style, push-fit hose end connector now used with garden hoses. The concept was developed to replace metal hose end connectors in coal mines, which were prone to cause static sparks and the possibility of methane gas explosions. The system is now universally used by gardeners throughout the world. Machino A quick connect and disconnect coupling used on fire hoses in Japan. Nakajima A quarter-turn, sexless coupling used on fire hoses in Japan. NST Side view of a 1.5 inch to 2.5 inch adapter National Standard Thread (NST), also known as National Hose thread (NH). It is the most common type of fire hose coupling used in the United States. The male and female straight (non-tapered) threads screw together and the connection is sealed with a gasket. Storz Storz connection on a standpipe Main article: Storz A Storz coupling is a quarter-turn or sexless coupling, commonly used to connect to fire hydrants. It is easy to connect, has no particular male or female end, and lugs are on the inside of the joint. This is the standard coupling on fire hoses in Denmark, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, the Netherlands and Greece.[4] It is also widely used in Australia. It can be manufactured by casting for general hose connection and low pressure applications, but for firefighting, it is better to use forgings to guarantee the safety and durability of the coupling. Tri-Clover A sexless sanitary connection system, used with a gasket and clamp; found in the wine and beer brewing industries. Wakesha Cherry-Burrel A sexed sanitary connection system, used with a gasket and clamp; found in the wine and beer brewing industries. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose_coupling

Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection. The hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter. Protective equipment may be worn for job-related occupational safety and health purposes, as well as for sports and other recreational activities. "Protective clothing" is applied to traditional categories of clothing, and "protective gear" applies to items such as pads, guards, shields, or masks, and others. The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to hazards when engineering and administrative controls are not feasible or effective to reduce these risks to acceptable levels. PPE is needed when there are hazards present. PPE has the serious limitation that it does not eliminate the hazard at source and may result in employees being exposed to the hazard if the equipment fails.[1] Any item of PPE imposes a barrier between the wearer/user and the working environment. This can create additional strains on the wearer; impair their ability to carry out their work and create significant levels of discomfort. Any of these can discourage wearers from using PPE correctly, therefore placing them at risk of injury, ill-health or, under extreme circumstances, death. Good ergonomic design can help to minimise these barriers and can therefore help to ensure safe and healthy working conditions through the correct use of PPE. Practices of occupational safety and health can use hazard controls and interventions to mitigate workplace hazards, which pose a threat to the safety and quality of life of workers. The hierarchy of hazard control hierarchy of control provides a policy framework which ranks the types of hazard controls in terms of absolute risk reduction. At the top of the hierarchy are elimination and substitution, which remove the hazard entirely or replace the hazard with a safer alternative. If elimination or substitution measures cannot apply, engineering controls and administrative controls, which seek to design safer mechanisms and coach safer human behavior, are implemented. Personal protective equipment ranks last on the hierarchy of controls, as the workers are regularly exposed to the hazard, with a barrier of protection. The hierarchy of controls is important in acknowledging that, while personal protective equipment has tremendous utility, it is not the desired mechanism of control in terms of worker safety. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment

A hand tool is any tool that is not a power tool – that is, one powered by hand (manual labour) rather than by an engine.[1] Some examples of hand tools are garden forks, secateurs, rakes, hammers, spanners, pliers, screwdrivers and chisels. Hand tools are generally less dangerous than power tools.[1] Brief history Hand tools have been used by humans since the stone age when stones were used for hammering and cutting. During the bronze age tools were made by casting the copper and tin alloys that the period is named after in clay moulds. Bronze tools were sharper and harder than those made of stone. During the iron age iron replaced bronze, and tools became even stronger and more durable. The Romans developed tools during this period which are similar to those being produced today. In the period since the industrial revolution, the manufacture of tools has transitioned from being craftsman made to being factory produced. [2]:2 A large collection of British hand tools dating from 1700 to 1950 is held by St Albans Museums. Most of the tools were collected by Raphael Salaman (1906–1993) who wrote two classic works on the subject: Dictionary of Woodworking Tools[3] and Dictionary of Leather-working Tools.[4] General tool categories The American Industrial Hygiene Association gives the following categories of hand tools:[2] wrenches, pliers, cutters, striking tools, struck or hammered tools, screwdrivers, vises, clamps, snips, saws, drills and knives.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_tool